Every procurement process has four basic steps: identify needs, solicit bids, procure, and evaluate. Each step can have several components, some of which may not apply to every purchase. Often, these steps are done haphazardly over a short period of time. In others, each step is formalized and can take a considerable amount of time. hospitality courses london
During the bidding phase of the procurement process, the buyer researches available suppliers and requests pricing. The needs determination phase. During the procurement process, potential buyers evaluate their demand. This includes determining what he wants to accomplish, what his spending budget is, and what features are needed and wanted. This step may also include product research to uncover possibilities and options buyers may not be aware of . Ensuring that the order matches the packing list and that nothing is damaged is an often overlooked step in the purchasing process. Whether the decision is as simple as a wanted person, deciding whether to buy lunch or as complex as an IT manager evaluating a new comprehensive accounting management system. Someone looking for lunch will quickly decide what his needs are. He probably knows he needs food, wants to spend a certain amount of food, only has 30 minutes for lunch, and is in the mood for a salad. IT managers may need to consult with multiple groups to determine needs and constraints before moving on to the next stage. best business colleges in london for getting admission in business class.
During the bidding phase of the procurement process, buyers research available suppliers and request pricing. It could be as simple as a luncher using his budget to determine that he needs to visit a fast food restaurant and then mentally making a list of fast food restaurants close to his location. An IT manager might research available software and vendors, send out a request for proposals, and then evaluate the bids to determine which best meets the company’s needs. The third stage in the procurement process is the actual procurement. For someone buying lunch, it’s as simple as ordering food, paying for it. For an IT manager, this might include negotiating pricing, getting approval for a purchase, signing a contract, receiving the product, and paying the invoice. The procurement process usually ends at the evaluation stage. It is the buyer who decides whether he bought a good product, whether he will keep the product or be with another supplier. For the luncher, this means eating his meal and deciding whether it’s good or not. For IT managers, this means evaluating the effectiveness of the system over time. In some cases, this stage of the process may require the invocation of a guarantee or guarantee, which may even result in the return of an item or request for a refund.
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Ethnic marketing is the process of designing product campaigns and advertisements to appeal to certain ethnic, racially or culturally associated consumer groups. This is a market segmentation that attempts to present a specific group in a more focused and appropriate manner. This type of marketing can be used for positive or negative commercial purposes . African Americans are a large target group for racial marketing in the United States. Marketing introduces products to consumers and tries to persuade them to buy. This is a function of an integrated strategy that combines factors such as packaging and advertising to develop a product image and encourage consumer behavior based on that image. Businesses can choose to treat all potential customers equally and tailor product images based on what the majority likes or break with tradition. In the U.S., popular racial groups include Asian-Americans. Businesses can segment their markets based on different characteristics. For example, segments can be based on geography, gender, or age. The most effective but sometimes controversial method of segmentation is by race. Racial marketing attempts to tailor advertising and other marketing strategies to the interests and tastes of an identified racial group that is believed to have untapped buying potential. For example, in the United States, popular ethnic groups include African-American, Hispanic, and Asian-American. The way ethnic marketing attempts to exploit the untapped buying potential of an ethnic group is by using special Strategy. Racial marketing campaigns targeting Latinos may use Spanish rather than English for text and audio copy. Likewise, such advertising campaigns may use Hispanic models, and these changes are made to better align the advertising message with the specific needs and interests of the target group. The theory is for consumers to see themselves in the ad, or someone they can relate to, rather than a stranger who has nothing in common with their life experiences. This type of marketing that highlights perceived characteristics of minorities can be used for positive or negative commercial purposes. In general, translating advertisements into other languages to add diversity to the advertising image is a positive marketing strategy that shows respect for the target group. However, some businesses use stereotypes to promote negative images and behaviours. For example, some companies heavily target minority groups in advertising for alcohol and cigarettes, perpetuating the negative stereotype that minority groups spend more money on these unhealthy products than on more positive products. Other companies use general stereotypes and translate them into marketing materials that would be considered offensive when applied generally.Ethnic marketing studies why a certain demographic group buys a particular make or model of car.
